"She is like a rose / She is pretty as a rose." A "simile" is when the metaphor uses the words "like" or "as," ie. "She is a rose" doesn't literally mean the woman is a flower, it means she is beautiful, delicate, and a little barbed.
Metaphor: Making two dissimilar things seem similar. Can be as simple as "good beats evil" and as complex as "capitalism is destroying the modern family." Theme: The overarching ideas, morals, or thoughts of the novel. It also helps you understand the novel as you're reading, giving a name to the myriad techniques and moments that you encounter so that you can take better notes. Knowing literary vocabulary is the best way to get your point across when writing or talking about a book. X Research sourceĪpply common literary terms to your analysis. Has reasons to lie, often because of a crime or wrongdoing ( Lolita). Is mentally or socially impaired ( The Sound and the Fury, Curious Incident of the Dog at Nighttime). Seems drunk, high, or otherwise drugged ( A Clockwork Orange). In general, you should be cautious of any narrator who: However, unreliable narrators are great clues into the meanings of a book - after all, no real human could ever be a perfect narrator. Then, when they contradict themselves or make a mistake, it feels like the author made a mistake or that you don't understand the book. 
Is the narrator a part of the story, or are they separate from it? Do they know everything, or just what certain character's know? Most importantly, can you trust the narrator? One of the biggest struggles for many readers is that they trust the narrator too much. Novels are fictional, meaning that, except perhaps in the foreword, the narrator is also fictitious. Think about the narrator's role in the story, if they have one.
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